Sanjay Leela Bhansali gave Shreya her first film break in Devdas (2002), where she sang five songs: "Silsila Ye Chaahat Ka", "Bairi Piya", "Chalak Chalak", "Morey Piya" and "Dola Re Dola". The album was a massive success. It earned her the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer, the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer and the Filmfare R. D. Burman Award for New Music Talent.
She quickly became one of the busiest female singers in the industry. Hits from these years include:
In 2008 she won National Awards for both the Bengali song "Pherari Mon" (Antaheen) and the Marathi song "Jeev Rangla" (Jogwa), showing her range across languages.
In the 2010s she sang hits such as:
In South India she recorded widely in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam, winning many Filmfare Awards South. Her Marathi work includes songs for Sairat (2016).
Her later hits include "Param Sundari" (Mimi, 2021), "Chaka Chak" (Atrangi Re, 2021) and "Jab Saiyaan" (Gangubai Kathiawadi, 2022). She has also released independent music.
In 2025 the ICC announced her as the opening-ceremony performer for the ICC Women's Cricket World Cup in Guwahati, and she recorded the tournament anthem "Bring It Home".
Shreya has judged several music reality shows. She returned as a judge on Indian Idol for season 15 (2024–25) and season 16 (2025–26), alongside Vishal Dadlani and Badshah.
She is also a major concert draw. In November 2025 she announced The Unstoppable Tour, a 51-date world tour beginning in April 2026 that covers the UK, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Australia, South Africa, North America and India.